A pro-democracy activist and politician who lives in America. He was a leader of the student movement against the Shah and co-founded the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps immediately after the 1979 revolution. He has since become a critic of the organisation, arguing that it drifted from its original mission as a modest people's army into construction, politics and organised crime. He has proposed that a National Reconciliation Council—representing republicans, monarchists, ethnic groups and supporters of velayat-e faqih—could serve as a transition vehicle for Iran, potentially created by the supreme leader under the constitution in place of parliament.
Arithmetic: An obscure art no longer practiced in the world's developed countries.